Social Studies
(Practice 1 - Was the population paper well-received.....?)
Amended on 7 Oct for Q1a to Q1e
(Practice 1 - Was the population paper well-received.....?)
Amended on 7 Oct for Q1a to Q1e
1
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(c)
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Study Source D.
How useful is this source in telling you about
Singaporeans’ reaction towards the White Paper on population policies?
Explain your answer.
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[8]
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L1
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Useful
or not useful, based on provenance
|
[1]
|
|
E.g.
E.g.
|
Source
D is useful because it was produced by a Singaporean.
OR
Source
D is not useful because it was produced by a Singaporean who has been living
overseas for 15 years and thus, may not give an accurate view of a
Singaporean’s reaction.
|
||
L2
|
Answer
based on typicality
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[2]
|
|
E.g.
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The
source is not useful, as it only gives me one perspective of the issue of
White Paper.
|
||
L2
|
Useful
or not useful, answer based on source content
|
[3]
|
|
E.g.
|
Source
D is useful in telling me about Singaporeans’ reaction towards the White
Paper, and the source shows that the reaction is largely negative. Source D states that, “The White Paper came across as making a
case for more immigrants and foreigners” and “Does our clinical
government find it more rewarding to just keep importing “grateful” pro-PAP
foreigners?” This implies that there may be Singaporeans who feel that the
White Paper seems to be justifying the presence of more immigrants which Singaporeans are not in favour of.
|
||
L3
|
Useful
and not useful based on source content
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[4]
|
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L4
|
Useful
or not useful, answer based on cross reference to other sources or
cross-reference to another source, to a maximum of 5 marks.
|
[5]
|
|
E.g.
|
Source D is useful in telling me about Singaporeans’ reaction towards the White Paper, and the source shows that the reaction is largely negative. Source D states that, “The White Paper came across as making a case for more immigrants and foreigners” and “Does our clinical government find it more rewarding to just keep importing “grateful” pro-PAP foreigners?” This implies that there may be Singaporeans who feel that the White Paper seems to be justifying the presence of more immigrants which Singaporeans are not in favour of.
Likewise, in Source E, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong
pledged on Sunday that the Government will learn from the experience. It will
see how it can do better next time, and this includes how such policy documents
are communicated, he said.(-) This means that many Singaporeans did not
understand the white paper well and hence did not think positively about the
white paper. Hence, since source D is supported by E, Source D is
reliable and useful.
OR
Source
D is less useful refuted by Source B and so Source D
is less useful in telling us about Singaporean’s reaction to the white paper. Source
D tells me about Singaporeans’ negative reaction towards the White Paper, as
there are actually other solutions implemented by the government to handle the
increase in the population. The source states, “zero strategy on how the
government plans to truly engage our overseas citizens and to draw them back to
their homeland”. However, this is refuted by Source B which shows the positive
reaction. Source B states that the white paper was carefully planned for.
Source B states,“The Population White Paper is a 17-year plan to prepare Singapore for
an increasing population to combat the ageing population. If the Government
plans everything properly, we should be able to handle the large population and
solve the ageing problem.”(+) This means
that the white paper is for Singapore’s good and hence this is a positive view
point that refutes Source D’s view. Hence, Source D is less reliable and hence
less useful.
|
||
L5
|
Useful
and not useful, based on cross reference to other sources.
|
[6]
|
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L6
|
Stand
based on Tone
Award the higher mark in
the level for more fully developed answers.
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[7-8]
|
|
Tone
This
source is not useful because it has an excessively negative and critical tone
of the White Paper and Singapore government and so it is not likely to be
reliable and trustworthy and hence not useful. I say so because he uses
exaggerations such as “zero strategy” in describing the Singapore government’s
planning and describes overseas Singaporeans as being “water tossed out the
window once they leave” by the Singapore government. These words show a great
deal of hatred and anger towards the Singapore government and do not sound
balanced or objective. Hence, I am not convinced that the Source is a useful
reflection of Singaporean’s reaction towards the white paper.
|
|||
1
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(d)
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Study Source E.
Can you believe what this source is saying about the
government prioritising the well-being of Singaporeans?
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[7]
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L1
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Undeveloped provenance
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[1]
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E.g.
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I can believe what Source
E is saying because it was published in a newspaper.
|
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L2
|
Infer source content
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[2]
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E.g.
|
I can believe what Source
E is saying about the government prioritizing the well-being of Singaporeans,
as it tells us that the government is highly concerned about Singapore’s
future. The source states, “that the Government wants to help Singaporeans have
a better life for the future "in the best way possible”. This suggests
that the government takes priority in creating a better future for
Singaporeans.
|
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L3
|
Message
of source
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[3]
|
E.g.
|
I can believe what Source
E is saying, as it suggests the government prioritizes the future of
Singaporeans and they also value the opinions of Singaporean in its
decision-making. The source states, “the Government wants to help Singaporeans have a
better life for the future "in the best way possible” and that the
government would “see how it can do better next time.” This shows that the
government places Singaporeans are at the centre of their decision-making and
that they do value their opinions too.
|
|
L4
|
Reliable
OR/AND Unreliable: explained by cross-reference
Award
4 marks for answers that explain the source as reliable or unreliable using cross-reference.
Award 5 marks for answers that explain the source as both reliable and
unreliable using cross-reference.
|
[4-5]
|
E.g.
|
Source E is reliable as
it is supported by Source C. Source E suggests that the government
prioritizes the future of Singaporeans and they also value the opinions of
Singaporean in its decision-making. The source states, “the
Government wants to help Singaporeans have a better life for the future
"in the best way possible” and that the government would “see how it can
do better next time.” This shows that the government places Singaporeans are
at the centre of their decision-making and that they do value their opinions
too.
Similarly,
Source C states that, “The
projections beyond this decade are for the purpose of land use and
infrastructure planning” and also “Priority will be given to addressing
current infrastructure bottlenecks.” This means that the government is making
plans for the future in infrastructure and use of resources so that Singapore
will not face problems in the future. This shows that Singapore government
gives priority to the future of Singaporeans. Therefore, Source E is reliable
in telling us about the government prioritizing the well-being of
Singaporeans, as it is supported by Source C.
OR/AND
Source E is unreliable as
it is unsupported by Source A. Source E suggests that the government
prioritizes the future of Singaporeans and they also value the opinions of
Singaporean in its decision-making. The source states, “the
Government wants to help Singaporeans have a better life for the future
"in the best way possible” and that the government would “see how it can
do better next time.” This shows that the government places Singaporeans are
at the centre of their decision-making and that they do value their opinions
too.
However,
this is contradicted by Source A, which shows a can of sardines crammed with
many of Singapore’s landmarks and people are even falling off due to the
small space. This suggests that if Singapore keeps this up, they will not
have a comfortable living situation. This shows that the well-being of
Singapore is not important to the government. Therefore, Source E is
unreliable in telling me about the government prioritizing the well-being of
Singaporeans, as it is unsupported by Source A.
|
|
L5
|
Unreliable due to
provenance and context
Look out for key words that emphasizes the nature
of the source e.g. biased / favour / one-sided. Only award marks for answers
that link back to the issue of reliability.
|
[6]
|
E.g.
|
Source E is
unreliable, as it is published in the Straits Times, which is the one and
official mouthpiece for the government. Thus, it will most likely provide a
biased report that aligns and supports government policies, making the source
unreliable.
|
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L6
|
Unreliable
due to purpose: to convince Singaporeans to support the government
|
[7]
|
E.g.
|
Source E is unreliable, because
it is bias. By painting a positive picture of the government, the author
wants to convince Singaporeans that the government cares for them. The source
states, “the Government wants to help Singaporeans have a better life for the
future "in the best way possible” and that the government would “see how
it can do better next time.” The author hopes that Singaporeans will change
their mind-set and support the government.
|
1
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(e)
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Study Source F.
Are you surprised by the source? Explain your
answer.
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[7]
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L1
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Surprised/not
surprised based on provenance/source type
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[1]
|
E.g.
|
I am not surprised by the
source, as it is a view by a Singaporean professor.
|
|
L2
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Answer
based on typicality
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[2]
|
E.g.
|
I am surprised by the
source, as it only provides me the perspective of the professor.
|
|
L3
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Not
surprised based on content
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[3]
|
E.g.
|
I am not surprised by Source F, as it suggests that the new
citizens are doing their part and they also contribute Singapore, which
justifies their presence. The source states, “Newly-minted
citizens may fulfil their basic duties as law-abiding and tax-paying
citizens”.
|
|
L4
|
Surprised/
not surprised; based on cross reference
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[4]
|
I am not surprised by Source F as it is supported by Source B.
Source F suggest that the
government is ready to overcome the possible challenges of the increase in
population.
The source states, “Moreover,
the structure of society will and has been continuously developed by the
government for an impending integration of people.” This means that the government has planned to integrate the new immigrants into Singapore society given the increase in population due to the White Paper.
Source F is supported by
Source B. Source B states, “If the Government plans everything
properly, we should be able to handle the large population.” Therefore, Source
F is supported by Source B and hence, reliable. Thus, I am not surprised by
Source F.
OR
I am surprised by Source
F as it is refuted by Source D on whether there was enough thought going into the White paper. Source F suggests
that the government has put in careful planning and thinking into the White Paper as it is ready to overcome the possible challenges of the
increase in population. The source states, “Moreover,
the structure of society will and has been continuously developed by the
government for an impending integration of people.” This suggests that the
government has placed strong emphasis on social integration on the White
Paper to mitigate the challenges caused by an increased population and there is therefore enough thought put in.
However, Source F is challenged by Source D which states that the government has not thought carefully on how it plans to bring in Singaporeans. Source D states, “There
was nothing more than sweeping general statements with zero strategy on how
the government plans to truly engage our overseas citizens and to draw them
back to their homeland." This suggests that the
government did not place much emphasis on how to bring back overseas Singaporeans to Singapore when they
introduced the White Paper. Hence I am surprised by Source F.
|
||
L5
|
Surprised
and not surprised; based on cross reference
|
[5]
|
L6
|
Not
surprised based on purpose
Award the
higher mark in the level for more fully developed answers.
|
[6-7]
|
E.g.
|
I am not surprised by the source, as it was
produced by a Singaporean professor, whose credentials should be reliable.
The professor gave a rather balanced view on the White Paper. While he
acknowledges the contribution of the new citizens, he also cautioned that the
Singaporean values are more important in ensuring the integration of the new
citizens. He wrote that “Singapore core to be strong, the core must be strongly
Singaporean in values, worldview, culture, sense of place and history, and
network of friends and family.” The professor hopes that Singaporeans will
continue to receive the new citizens and at the same help, give them some
time to cultivate the Singaporean values. Hence, I believe he is reliable and so I am not surprised.
|
Section
B (Structured-Essay Questions)
2.
|
|||
(a)
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Explain
how government subsidies keep healthcare affordable for Singaporeans.
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[5]
|
|
L1 Writes about healthcare in Singapore
i.e. with no
description/explanation of the government subsidies in terms of keeping
healthcare costs affordable in Singapore.
|
|||
e.g. The cost of
healthcare in Singapore is becoming increasingly expensive.
|
|||
L2 Describes government subsidies as a way to
keep healthcare costs affordable in Singapore
|
|||
Award the higher mark in
the level for more fully developed answers.
|
|||
e.g. Government subsidies
is a way to keep healthcare costs affordable in Singapore. Various schemes,
such as Medisave, Medifund and Medishield have been introduced to ensure that
healthcare is kept affordable. The government constantly reviews these
schemes to ensure that they meet the healthcare needs of Singaporeans. In
addition, different rates of subsidies are given to different classes of wards
in the hospitals, with Class C wards receiving the highest subsidies of 80%.
|
|||
L3 Explains how government subsidies is an
effective way to keep healthcare costs affordable in Singapore
|
|||
i.e. shows link between geographical
boundary dispute and cause of conflict among countries.
Award the higher mark in
the level for more fully developed answers.
|
|||
e.g. Government subsidies
is a way to keep healthcare costs affordable in Singapore, as various
healthcare schemes, such as Medisave, Medifund and Medishield have been
introduced to ensure that healthcare is kept affordable. The government
constantly reviews these schemes to ensure that they meet the healthcare
needs of Singaporeans. In addition, different rates of subsidies are given to
different classes of wards in the hospitals, with Class C wards receiving the
highest subsidies of 80%. Government
support is an important way to keep healthcare costs affordable in Singapore,
as the reviews of the various healthcare schemes and different rates of
subsidies for hospital wards ensure that the level of subsidies provided by
the government is aligned to the financial ability of Singaporeans. Thus, it
ensures that individuals are able to pay for his healthcare. Therefore,
government subsidies is an important way to keep healthcare costs affordable
in Singapore.
|
|||
(b)
|
Explain two other ways that keep
healthcare affordable for Singaporeans. Which of them do you think is the
more important? Explain your answer.
|
[10]
|
||
L1
Identifies other way(s) of keeping healthcare costs affordable in
Singapore
|
||||
Award
1 mark for identifying one way and 2 marks for identifying another way.
e.g. The two other ways
of keeping healthcare costs in Singapore affordable are individual
responsibility and community support..
|
||||
L2 Describes other way(s) of keeping
healthcare costs affordable in Singapore
|
||||
Award 3 marks for
describing one way and an additional mark for describing another way.
|
||||
e.g. The other way to
keep healthcare costs affordable in Singapore is individual responsibility.
Individuals are encouraged to be responsible for their own health by
practicing self-reliance. For example, they are required to make a monthly
contribution to their Medisave, which pays for their long-term healthcare
needs. They are also encouraged to lead healthy lifestyles, so that they do
not have to spend on medical expenses unnecessarily.
|
||||
e.g. Community support is
also another way to keep the healthcare costs affordable in Singapore. It
involves both private and non-governmental bodies to provide medical and
healthcare services. These voluntary organizations cater to the needs of
specific groups of people, such as those who have specific illnesses or people
who are without any form of support at all.
|
||||
L3 Explains one other way of keeping
healthcare affordable in Singapore
|
||||
i.e.
shows link between way and keeping healthcare affordable in Singapore.
Award
5 marks for an explanation to one other way and an additional mark for any
supporting details.
e.g. The other way to
keep healthcare costs affordable in Singapore is individual responsibility.
Individuals are encouraged to be responsible for their own health by
practicing self-reliance. For example, they are required to make a monthly
contribution to their Medisave, which pays for their long-term healthcare
needs. They are also encouraged to lead healthy lifestyles, so that they do
not have to spend on medical expenses unnecessarily. Individual responsibility is an important way to keep healthcare
costs affordable in Singapore, as it reduces the reliance on government to
pay for healthcare expenses. This would in turn reduce the government’s
burden on subsidies and the money saved could be used to improve on
healthcare facilities and services directly. Therefore, individual
responsibility is an important way to keep healthcare costs affordable in
Singapore.
|
||||
L4 L3 plus explains another way of keeping
healthcare costs affordable in Singapore
|
||||
i.e. shows link between way
and keeping healthcare affordable in Singapore.
Award 7 marks for an
explanation of a second reason and an additional mark for any supporting
details.
e.g. Community support is
also another way to keep the healthcare costs affordable in Singapore. It
involves both private and non-governmental bodies to provide medical and
healthcare services. These voluntary organizations cater to the needs of
specific groups of people, such as those who have specific illnesses or
people who are without any form of support at all. Community support is an important way of keeping healthcare costs
affordable in Singapore, as it allows patients to continue to receive medical
attention even after they are discharged from the hospitals. This is also
important, as it will help lighten the burden of the government, which would
in turn be able to use the money saved to improve existing healthcare
facilities and services. Therefore, community support is an important way
to keep healthcare costs affordable in Singapore.
|
||||
L5 L4 plus explains relative importance of the
two chose ways in keeping healthcare costs affordable in Singapore
|
||||
i.e. not just why they
are important, but explains why one is more, and the other less, important.
|
||||
Award the higher mark in
the level for more fully developed answers.
|
||||
e.g. L4 + I feel that individual responsibility is the more
important way to keeping healthcare in Singapore affordable based on the criterion of time. It ensures
that Singaporeans take ownership of their health and hence, lessen the burden
on the government in the long run. This is especially important, as resources
are limited, spending unnecessary expenditure on healthcare may be
detrimental to Singapore’s economic development in the long-run. The money
saved could be used to improve on the healthcare services and facilities, as
well as allocating more subsidies with the needy. On the other hand,
community support is less effective in keeping healthcare affordable, as the
assistance they render is limited to only selected groups of Singaporeans.
Therefore, individual responsibility is the more important way to keeping
healthcare costs affordable in Singapore.
|
||||
3.
|
|||
(a)
|
Explain
how a declining economy was a devastating consequence of the Northern Ireland
conflict.
|
[5]
|
|
L1 Writes about the Northern Ireland conflict
|
[1]
|
||
i.e. with no
description/explanation of declining economy as a devastating consequence of
the conflict
e.g. The Northern Ireland
conflict was a result of religious difference between the Catholics and
Protestants.
|
|||
L2 Describes how the conflict leads to declining
economy
|
[2-3]
|
||
Award the higher mark in
the level for more fully developed answers.
|
|||
e.g. Prior
to the conflict, many overseas companies invested in Northern Ireland.
Tourists came to the country as the country was attractive and peaceful. As
such, people were employed as factories, companies and hotels were set up and
there was a demand for them.
|
|||
L3 Explains how declining economy was a devastating
consequence of the Northern Ireland conflict
|
[4-5]
|
||
i.e. shows link between declining
economy and the conflict
Award the higher mark in
the level for more fully developed answers.
|
|||
e.g. Prior
to the conflict, many overseas companies invested in Northern Ireland.
Tourists came to the country as the country was attractive and peaceful. As
such, people were employed as factories, companies and hotels were set up and
there was a demand for them.
The
declining economy was a devastating consequence of the Northern Ireland
conflict, as both foreign investment and
tourism decline. People were afraid for their safety and did not want to come
to Northern Ireland. This has resulted in fewer jobs being created in
Northern Ireland, thus leading to more people being unemployed. This causes
unhappiness among the Catholics and Protestant, which led to further tension
between the two groups. Eventually, it led to the outbreak of violence and conflict,
as they continued to blame each other for the dire situation they were going
through. Therefore,
declining economy was a devastating consequence of the conflict in Northern
Ireland.
|
|||
(b)
|
Explain
two other devastating consequences of the Northern Ireland conflict. Which of
them do you think is the more severe? Explain your answer.
|
[10]
|
|
L1
Identifies other consequence(s) of the Northern Ireland conflict
|
[1-2]
|
||
Award 1 mark for
identifying one consequence and 2 marks for identifying another consequence.
|
|||
e.g. The two other
consequences are social segregation and political instability in Northern
Ireland.
|
|||
L2
Describes other consequence(s) of the Northern Ireland conflict
|
[3-4]
|
||
Award 3 marks for
describing one consequence and an additional mark for describing another
consequence.
|
|||
e.g. One devastating consequence of
the Northern Ireland conflict was social segregation. For instance with the
Belfast Peace wall, people in the country grow up in a hostile atmosphere,
living in separate residential areas. Young people grew without interacting
with the other community.
OR/AND
|
|||
e.g. Another devastating effect was
political instability in Northern Ireland. Civil rights protests broke out to
put pressure on the Northern Ireland government to reform. With the
increasing tension, foreign intervention became necessary. As such voting policies
and employment policies had to change under the pressure of the British as
well as civil rights activists. Prior to the conflict, the NICRA organized
several demonstrations to end discrimination against the Catholics. The Civil
Rights marches pressured and the foreign countries such as Britain and Norway
the Northern Ireland government to pass anti-discrimination measures in
Northern Ireland and sign peace agreements.
|
|||
L3 Explains one other consequence of Northern
Ireland conflict
|
[5-6]
|
||
i.e. shows link between
consequence and the Northern Ireland conflict
Award 5 marks for an
explanation of one other consequence and additional marks for supporting
detail.
|
|||
e.g. One devastating consequence of
the Northern Ireland conflict was social segregation. For instance with the
Belfast Peace wall, people in the country grow up in a hostile atmosphere,
living in separate residential areas. Young people grew without interacting
with the other community. This was
devastating, as it has led to the lack of understanding between the two
groups and hence, increasing the chances of prejudices and hatred between
these two groups of people. With increased hostility, violence continued to
rise and it eventually led to conflict between the Catholics and Protestants.
Therefore, social segregation was a devastating consequence of the
conflict in Northern Ireland.
|
|||
L4 L3 plus Explains another consequence of the
Northern Ireland conflict
|
[7-8]
|
||
i.e. shows link between
consequence and the Northern Ireland conflict.
Award 7 marks for an
explanation of a second consequence and an additional mark for any supporting
detail.
|
|||
e.g.
L3 + Another devastating effect was political instability in Northern
Ireland. Civil rights protests broke out to put pressure on the Northern
Ireland government to reform. With the increasing tension, foreign
intervention became necessary. As such voting policies and employment
policies had to change under the pressure of the British as well as civil
rights activists. Prior to the conflict, the NICRA organized several
demonstrations to end discrimination against the Catholics. The Civil Rights
marches pressured and the foreign countries such as Britain and Norway the
Northern Ireland government to pass anti-discrimination measures in Northern
Ireland and sign peace agreements. This
was devastating, as the government agreed to abolish the unequal voting
system. This was serious as it further eroded the autonomy and power of the
Northern Ireland government. Therefore, political instability was a
devastating consequence of the conflict in Northern Ireland.
|
|||
L5 L4 plus Explains relative severity of the
two chosen consequences of the Northern Ireland conflict
|
[9-10]
|
||
i.e. not just why they
are severe, but explains why one is more, and the other less severe.
Award the higher mark in
the level for more fully developed answers.
|
|||
e.g. L4 + I feel that social segregation was a more severe
consequence based on the criterion of
time. Over time, the political situation stabilized as it resulted in
more power- sharing between the Protestants and Catholics. However, the
social segregation was deep- seated and will take a long time to heal. It has
been a tedious process for the people of Northern Ireland to reconcile fully
with each other as it requires a change in mindset and putting aside sense of
revenge. In today’s context, there are still reports of clashes between the
Protestants and Catholics.
|
|||
4.
|
|||
(a)
|
Explain
how pursuing bilateral ties benefit Singapore.
|
[5]
|
|
L1 Writes about Singapore’s national security
|
[1]
|
||
i.e. with no
description/explanation of how pursuing bilateral ties benefit Singapore.
e.g. Singapore’s national
security might be compromised if it does not adopt the two-pronged approach
of diplomacy and deterrence strategies.
|
|||
L2 Describes the benefits of pursuing
bilateral ties
|
[2-3]
|
||
Award the higher mark in
the level for more fully developed answers.
|
|||
e.g.
Singapore pursues bilateral countries with neighbouring countries to
seek cooperation and aid. By setting up embassies in other countries,
diplomats are able to help nurture the development of bilateral friendships
to help create opportunities for mutual exchange that would benefit both
parties. For example, Singapore maintains a positive bilateral relation with
Malaysia to ensure water security for our domestic and industrial use.
|
|||
L3 Explains how pursuing bilateral relations
benefit Singapore
|
[4-5]
|
||
i.e. shows link between bilateral
relations and benefit
Award the higher mark in
the level for more fully developed answers.
|
|||
e.g. Singapore pursues
bilateral countries with neighbouring countries to seek cooperation and aid.
By setting up embassies in other countries, diplomats are able to help
nurture the development of bilateral friendships to help create opportunities
for mutual exchange that would benefit both parties. For example, Singapore
established trading ties with the USA and Germany. Singapore was also
promoted political, social and cultural ties with Malaysia. Bilateral relations are beneficial, as it
allows for transfer of advanced technologies and skills from the developed
countries and mutual economic cooperation, which would contribute to
Singapore’s economic development. Therefore, bilateral ties are
beneficial to Singapore.
|
|||
(b)
|
Explain
two other diplomatic relations that are beneficial to Singapore. Which of
them do you think is the more beneficial? Explain your answer.
|
[10]
|
|
L1
Identifies other diplomatic relation(s)
|
[1-2]
|
||
Award 1 mark for
identifying one relation and 2 marks for identifying two relations.
|
|||
e.g. The two other
diplomatic relations are regional and international relations.
|
|||
L2
Describes other diplomatic relation(s)
|
[3-4]
|
||
Award 3 marks for
describing one relation and an additional mark for describing another relation.
|
|||
e.g. One
other diplomatic relations Singapore pursues is regional relations. Singapore needs a secure
and peaceful environment around us to give us the space to grow and reach
beyond the region, which is necessary for the country’s development. This has
been made possible by her involvement with regional organisation like ASEAN,
which has been successful in ensuring peace and stability in the region
OR/AND
|
|||
e.g. Another diplomatic relations
Singapore pursues is international relations. Singapore maintains
international relations through being a member of the UN. This has helped
Singapore gained international recognition and acceptance as a sovereign
state. Singapore also received the necessary help to ensure its economic
survival and development, especially after independence, when a German
economist was sent to help Singapore develop its economy.
|
|||
L3 Explains one other diplomatic relations
|
[5-6]
|
||
i.e. shows link between diplomatic
relation and benefit.
Award 5 marks for an
explanation of one other relation and additional marks for supporting
details.
|
|||
e.g. One
other diplomatic relations Singapore pursues is regional relations. Singapore needs a secure
and peaceful environment around us to give us the space to grow and reach
beyond the region, which is necessary for the country’s development. This has
been made possible by her involvement with regional organisation like ASEAN,
which has been successful in ensuring peace and stability in the region. Regional relations are beneficial, as
it puts Singapore in a better position when dealing with other countries or
associations. In turn, it gives Singapore more partners to work and profit
from. Also, as a result of the role of ASEAN, war has not broken out amongst
the member countries. This has helped Singapore to continue regional trade
and develop more trade agreements, which would in turn boost Singapore’s
economic development. Therefore, regional relations are beneficial to
Singapore.
|
|||
L4 L3 plus Explains another diplomatic
relations
|
[7-8]
|
||
i.e. shows link between diplomatic
relation and benefit.
Award 7 marks for an
explanation of a second diplomatic relation and an additional mark for any
supporting detail.
|
|||
e.g.
L3 + Another diplomatic relations Singapore pursues is international
relations. Singapore maintains international relations through being a member
of the UN. This has helped Singapore gained international recognition and
acceptance as a sovereign state. Singapore also received the necessary help
to ensure its economic survival and development, especially after
independence, when a German economist was sent to help Singapore develop its
economy. International relations are
beneficial, as the help and advice received in the early years from economic
experts in the UN helped our industrialisation programme to be successful.
With such success, we were also able to build up our military capabilities,
improve our facilities and boost our economic growth. Hence, international
ties have played an important role in ensuring the continued development of
Singapore. Therefore, international relations are beneficial to
Singapore.
|
|||
L5 L4 plus Explains relative damage of the
two chosen impacts of globalisation
|
|||
i.e. not just why they
are damaging, but explains why one is more, and the other less, damaging.
Award the higher mark in the
level for more fully developed answers.
|
|||
e.g. L4 + I feel that international relations are the more
beneficial based on the scale of
impact, as it provide the biggest
support and help base compared to regional relations. With international
relations, Singapore has more choices and options. If Singapore’s regional
relations fail, Singapore can still depend on other international partners
for help or trade, instead of being overly reliant on one or a few countries.
So international relations are most important as it gives the most
opportunities and protection for Singapore.
|
|||
===========================================================
Practice Paper 2(Who has sovereignty over the Preah Vihear temple?)
Section
A (Source-Based Case Study)
1
|
(a)
|
Study Source A.
What is the message of the cartoon? Explain your answer. [6]
|
L1
Answers based on provenance OR Generalised answers [1]
e.g. The
message of the cartoon is report a piece of news.
e.g. The
message of the cartoon is discuss a conflict between two countries.
|
||
L2
Because of the context OR Message with no use of source content [2]
e.g. The
message of the cartoon is to inform the readers of the dispute over the Preah Vihear temple.
e.g. The
message of the cartoon is to convince the readers of the online new website
that the actions of Thailand/PAD has adversely impacted the livelihood of
Thai citizens living along the border.
|
||
L3 Detects sub-message(s) with support [3–4]
Award 4
marks for two sub-messages with support.
e.g. The
message of the cartoon is to convince the readers of the online new website
that the Preah Vihear temple belongs to Cambodia. I know this from the
cartoon that depicts the Preah Vihear temple with the state flag of Cambodia.
e.g. The
message of the cartoon is to convince the readers of the online new website
that the demonstrators of the PAD are easy targets for the Cambodians. I know
this from how the cartoon depicts the Cambodia soldiers smiling as they aim
their guns at the unarmed PAD demonstrators.
e.g. The
message of the cartoon is to convince the readers of the online new website
that the Preah Vihear conflict has led to a lot of casualties among the
people living along the border. I know this from the skulls and the
accompanying caption “Livelihood of people along the border.”
|
||
L4 Detects
message with support [5–6]
Award 6 marks for more developed answers.
e.g. The
message of the cartoon is to convince the readers of the online new website
that the actions of Thailand/PAD has adversely impacted the livelihood of
Thai citizens living along the border. I know this from how the PAD is
depicted as demonstrators stepping on the skulls of the people living along
the border, and the caption that says “Don't make a staircase out of the
lives of our countrymen.”
[5 marks]
e.g. The
message of the cartoon is to convince the readers of the online new website
that the actions of Thailand/PAD has adversely impacted the livelihood of
Thai citizens living along the border. I know this from how the PAD is
depicted as demonstrators stepping on the skulls of the people living along
the border, and the caption that says “Don't make a staircase out of the
lives of our countrymen.” This shows that the PAD’s actions in demanding the
return of the Preah Vihear from Cambodia has led to casualties and disrupted
the livelihood of Thai people living along the border. [6 marks]
|
1
|
(b)
|
Study Source B. What is the intention of
the blogger? Explain your answer. [7]
|
L1 Answers
based on provenance OR Generalised answers [1]
e.g. The
intention of the blogger is to share a blog post.
e.g. The
intention of the blogger is to make his views known.
|
||
L2
Because of the context OR Message with no use of source content [2]
e.g. The
intention of the blogger is to make known his views on the Preah Vihear
territorial dispute.
e.g. The
intention of the blogger is to remind his fellow Cambodians that Cambodia did
not fully win in the Preah Vihear territorial dispute.
|
||
L3 Detects sub-message(s) with support
[3–4]
Award 4
marks for two sub-messages with support.
e.g. The
intention of the blogger is to inform his fellow Cambodians that the listing
of the temple as a World Heritage Site has united Cambodians. I know this
from “Public
officials and residents took to the streets to celebrate, singing and
dancing. Monks rang bells in pagodas. Students waved the state flag in their
school fields.”
|
||
L4
Detects message with support [4–5]
Award 5 marks for more developed answers.
e.g. The
intention of the blogger is to remind his fellow Cambodians that Cambodia did
not fully win in the Preah Vihear territorial dispute. I know this from “The listing is a true triumph
only if it is done in accordance with the verdict of the International Court
of Justice in 1962.”
[4
marks]
e.g. The
intention of the blogger is to remind his fellow Cambodians that Cambodia did
not fully win in the Preah Vihear territorial dispute, as only the temple is
recognised as under Cambodia’s sovereignty but not the surrounding 4.6km2
of land. I know this from “The listing is a true triumph only if it is done in accordance
with the verdict of the International Court of Justice in 1962, which judged
the 4.6km2 of land around the Preah Vihear belongs to
Cambodia.” [5 marks]
e.g. The
intention of the blogger is to remind his fellow Cambodians that in addition
to the Preah Vihear temple, its surrounding land area also belongs to
Cambodia. I know this from “the International Court of Justice in 1962, which judged the
4.6km2 of land around the Preah Vihear belongs to Cambodia.”
[5 marks]
|
||
L5 Purpose:
to win support to recover disputed land area [6–7]
Note:
purpose is the intended impact of the message on the behaviour of the
audience.
Award 7 marks for more developed answers.
e.g. The
intention of the blogger is to remind his fellow Cambodians that Cambodia did
not fully win in the Preah Vihear territorial dispute, as only the temple is
recognised as under Cambodia’s sovereignty but not the surrounding 4.6km2
of land. I know this from “The listing is a true triumph only if it is done in accordance
with the verdict of the International Court of Justice in 1962, which judged
the 4.6km2 of land around the Preah Vihear belongs to Cambodia.” His purpose
is to rally his fellow Cambodians to not give up their struggle and for them
to join him in to pressurizing the Cambodian/Thai government to recognise the
4.6km2 of land as Cambodia’s territory.
e.g. The
intention of the blogger is to remind his fellow Cambodians that in addition
to the Preah Vihear temple, its surrounding land area also belongs to
Cambodia. I know this from “the International Court of Justice in 1962, which judged the
4.6km2 of land around the Preah Vihear belongs to Cambodia.” His
purpose is to rally his fellow Cambodians to not give up their struggle and
for them to join him in to pressurizing the Cambodian/Thai government to
recognise the 4.6km2 of land as Cambodia’s territory.
|
||
1
|
(c)
|
Study Sources C and D. How different are
Sources C and D? Explain your answer. [7]
|
L1
Answers based on source type/provenance OR Invalid comparison of the
sources [1]
e.g. Source C is an interview given by the
Prime Minister of Cambodia while Source D is a speech by the leader of the
PAD.
e.g. Source C is of the view that military
force should not be used but Source D suggests that both countries should
settle the dispute through bilateral negotiations.
|
||
L2 Answers
based on similarity in context only OR similarities and/or differences in message(s)
with no use of source content [2]
e.g. Sources C and D are similar as both agree
that the two countries should explore the use of bilateral diplomacy to
resolve the dispute.
e.g. Sources C and D are different in their
views on the use of military force to solve to dispute. Hun Sen in Source C
does not recommend the use of force, while the PAD in Source D recommended
its use.
|
||
L3 Answers
based on similarities and/or differences in message(s): content of both
sources [3–4]
Award 3
marks for similarities or differences in
message(s) with use of source content and 4 marks for both.
e.g. Sources C and D are similar as both
agree that the two countries should explore the use of bilateral diplomacy to
resolve the dispute. I know this from Source C “Let the leaders discuss this
at the table first.” and in Source D “A
commission must be set up to invite Cambodia to bilateral negotiations”.
e.g. Sources C and D are different in their
views on the use of military force to solve to dispute. Hun Sen in Source C
does not recommend the use of force, while the PAD in Source D recommended
its use. I know this from Source C “But Cambodia will not use armed forces.”
and Source D “Thailand would, temporarily
adhering to the ICJ’s ruling, mobilise Thai troops”.
|
||
L4
Answers based on tone, with use of source content [5–6]
e.g. Sources C and D differ in tone. Hun Sen in Source C holds a pacifying tone. He informed
Cambodians and enforcement agencies to remain calm and not act rashly, using
pacifying words and phrases such as “please”, “pay attention and
observe the situation carefully” and “exercise restrain”. Source D however holds
a critical tone, to the extent of being threatening. The leader of the PAD
suggested that Thailand should activate its troops and push the Cambodians
out of their territory”, using an extremely loaded phrase “Thailand would pay any price to protect its
sovereignty, even at the cost of war.”
|
||
L5
Answers based on purpose, with use of source content [7]
Note:
purpose is the intended impact of the message on the behaviour of the
audience.
Sources C and D differ in purpose. The
purpose of Source C is to caution the enforcement agencies and Cambodians to
exercise prudence in the dispute so they will not resort to the use of force.
The purpose of Source D however, is to persuade the Thai people that military
force should be used so that they will pressurize the Thai government to send
in troops to the disputed border.
|
||
1
|
(d)
|
Study Source E. How reliable is Source E?
Explain your answer.
[7]
|
L1
Undeveloped provenance
[1]
e.g. Yes, it must be reliable it because it
is written by a academic.
|
||
L2
Yes, explained by source content [2–3]
Award
the higher mark in the level for more fully developed answers.
e.g. Yes, it is reliable in telling me that
the Preah Vihear belongs to Cambodia. I know this from “the ICJ decided that
the Preah Vihear temple was situated on “territory under the sovereignty of
Cambodia”.”
[2 marks]
e.g. Yes, it is reliable in telling me that
the Preah Vihear belongs to Cambodia. I know this from “the ICJ decided that
the Preah Vihear temple was situated on “territory under the sovereignty of
Cambodia”. This shows that the Cambodia has sovereignty over the Preah Vihear
temple and not Thailand.
[3 marks]
|
||
L3 Yes, because it is reliable: explained
by cross-reference, with use of source content
[4–5]
Award
the higher mark in the level for more fully developed answers.
e.g. Yes, it is reliable in telling me that
the Preah Vihear belongs to Cambodia as it is supported by Source D. I know
this from Source E that says “the ICJ decided that the Preah Vihear temple
was situated on “territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia” and from Source
D “apart from the Preah Vihear temple, the
surrounding land belongs to Thailand”. This shows that Cambodia has
sovereignty over the Preah Vihear temple and not Thailand. [4 marks]
e.g. Yes, it is reliable in telling me that
the Preah Vihear belongs to Cambodia as it is supported by Source D. I know
this from Source E that says “the ICJ decided that the Preah Vihear temple
was situated on “territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia” and from Source
D “apart from the Preah Vihear temple, the
surrounding land belongs to Thailand”. The corroboration between Source E and
Source D shows that the sovereignty of the temple indeed belongs to
Cambodia hence it is reliable. [5
marks]
|
||
L4
L3 Yes plus a qualification of ‘Yes’
[6–7]
This
qualification is done by critically examining the provenance.
i.e. these
answers perceive the academic as unbiased considering his position, and
confirmed his reliability through corroboration with another source, and
therefore reliable.
Answers that
critically examine the provenance, but without addressing L3 Yes, award L3/4 marks, as L4 awards for
confirmation of reliability.
Award
the higher mark in the level for more fully developed answers.
e.g. [As L3 Yes plus] Moreover, Source E is by a German academic based
in Germany who has no vested interest in the dispute. Therefore he is not
biased to either side hence reliable.
[6 marks]
e.g. [As L3 Yes plus] Moreover, Source E is by a German academic based
in Germany who has no vested interest in the dispute. Considering his
nationality, base of operation and profession, it is very unlikely that he
would have anything to gain by being biased to either side hence Source E is
reliable.
[7 marks]
|
||
1
|
(e)
|
Study Source F. How useful is this source
as evidence of the Preah Vihear territorial dispute? Explain your
answer.
[8]
|
L1 Provenance
[1]
e.g. It is useful because it is a map posted by a
Cambodian blogger.
OR
Undeveloped
assertions
e.g. It
is useful because it claims that Cambodia
has sovereignty over the Preah Vihear temple and its surrounding area.
|
||
L2 Useful because of the information it
provides about the dispute
[2–3]
Award the higher mark in the level
for more fully developed answers.
e.g. It
is useful as evidence
of the Preah Vihear territorial dispute because it shows where the
international boundary line between Thailand and Cambodia is.
e.g. It
is useful as evidence
of the Preah Vihear territorial dispute because it shows that the Preah Vihear
temple and its surrounding land area falls under the sovereignty of Cambodia.
This is seen clearly on the map that placed the Preah Vihear temple and its
surrounding land area on the side of Cambodia.
e.g. It
is useful as evidence
of the Preah Vihear territorial dispute because it shows that the Preah Vihear
temple falls under the sovereignty of Cambodia. This is seen clearly on the
map that placed the Preah Vihear temple on the side of Cambodia.
OR
Not useful because
of what it does not tell you about the dispute
i.e. something specific about the dispute that it does
not show.
e.g. It is not
useful because the map does not show any territory being disputed.
|
||
L3 Both aspects of L2
[4]
|
||
L4 Useful because reliable OR Not useful because unreliable [5–7]
i.e. these answers confirmed the blogger’s
reliability/unreliability through corroboration/contradiction with another
source, and therefore useful/not useful.
OR
These answers perceive the blogger as
subjective by considering his biased position and therefore unreliable/not
useful.
Award 5m for confirming the blogger’s
reliability/unreliability through corroboration/contradiction with another
source OR considering his biased position. Award 6m for more fully developed
answers.
Award 7m for both.
e.g. It is not
useful as evidence of the Preah Vihear territorial dispute because it
is contradicted by Source E. Source F shows that the international boundary
line between Thailand and Cambodia lies north of the Preah Vihear temple.
However this is contradicted by Source E that says that the boundary line
between Thailand and Cambodia has yet to be determined. I know this from
Source E “exact location of state borders has to be determined by bilateral
negotiations between the concerned states.” As Source F is contradicted by
Source E, it is unreliable hence not useful.
e.g. It is not
useful as evidence of the Preah Vihear territorial dispute because it
is contradicted by Source E. Source F shows that the Preah Vihear temple and
its surrounding land area belongs to Cambodia. However this is contradicted
by Source E that says that the surrounding land area is still disputed by
Thailand and Cambodia. I know this from Source E “Yet the ICJ refrained from
making a judgment on the 4.6km2 of
land around the Preah Vihear temple.” As Source F is contradicted by
Source E, it is unreliable hence not useful.
e.g. It
is useful as evidence
of the Preah Vihear territorial dispute because it is supported by Source E.
Source F shows that the Preah Vihear temple belongs to Cambodia. This is
supported by Source E that also says that the temple belongs to Cambodia. I
know this from Source E “the ICJ decided that the Preah Vihear temple was
situated on “territory under the sovereignty of Cambodia””, As Source F is
corroborated by Source E, it is reliable hence useful.
e.g. It
is not useful as evidence
of the Preah Vihear territorial dispute because it is from the blog of a
Cambodian blogger. As he is Cambodian, it is only natural for him to present
evidence that favours Cambodia, as he has an incentive and vested interest to
do so. This is evident in his map that shows the Preah Vihear temple and its
surrounding land area on the side of Cambodia. This makes Source F unreliable
hence not useful.
|
||
L5
L4 plus still useful as evidence of how the blogger wanted people to see
the Thailand
[8]
[Answers
which argue useful as evidence of the blogger’s intentions, but without
addressing L4, award L4/5 marks.
e.g. [As L4
plus] Overall, Source F is still useful as evidence of the Preah
Vihear territorial dispute as it allows me to understand how he intended the readers of his post to see
Thailand. By placing the Preah Vihear temple and its surrounding areas south
of a single international boundary line in Cambodia’s favour, the blogger’s
intent is to convince his readers that Thailand is the aggressor in the
dispute and encroaching on Cambodia’s territory.
|
Section B: Structured-Essay Questions
2
|
(a)
|
Explain how unfair admission criteria to
the university was a cause of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka [5]
|
||
L1
|
Writes about the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict
in Sri Lanka [1]
|
|||
i.e.
with no description/explanation of unfair admission criteria to the
university.
|
||||
L2
|
Describes unfair admission criteria to the
university [2–3]
|
|||
Award
the higher mark in the level for more fully developed answers.
e.g. Unfair admission criteria to the
university was a cause of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka. This
refers to the biased admission criteria to Sri Lankan universities against
the Tamils. To elaborate, before 1970, university admission criteria were
based on merit and the examinations were in English, which favored the
Tamils. However, the government introduced new university admission criteria
after 1970, which required Tamils to score higher than Sinhalese for the same
courses.
|
||||
L3
|
Explains how unfair admission criteria to
the university was a cause of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka [4–5]
|
|||
i.e.
shows link between unfair admission criteria to the university and the
Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka. Award the higher mark in the level for
more fully developed answers.
e.g. Unfair admission criteria to the
university was a cause of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka. This
refers to the biased admission criteria to Sri Lankan universities against
the Tamils. To elaborate, before 1970, university admission criteria were
based on merit and the examinations were in English, which favored the
Tamils. However, the government introduced new university admission criteria
after 1970, which required Tamils to score higher than Sinhalese for the same
courses. This policy, which openly discriminates the Tamils, is still in
place today and is a perennial source of tension between the two groups that
only serve to widen the rift between them, hence ‘university admission
criteria’ is a cause of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka.
|
||||
2
|
(b)
|
Explain two other causes of the
Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka. Which of them is more significant?
Explain your answer [10]
|
||
L1
|
Identifies other cause(s) of the
Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka [1–2]
|
|||
Award 1
mark for identifying one measure and 2 marks for identifying another measure.
e.g. Other causes are unfair citizenship
rights, the ‘Sinhala Only’ policy and resettlement policies.
|
||||
L2
|
Describes other cause(s) of the
Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka [3–4]
|
|||
Award 3
marks for describing one cause and an additional mark for describing another cause.
e.g. Unfair citizenship rights is a another
cause of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka. This refers to the
discriminatory effects against the Tamils as a result of the Ceylon
Citizenship Act of 1948, which granted citizenship only to those who were
either born in Sri Lanka or whose forefathers were born there. As a result of
the act, many Indian Tamils became stateless and even though many had lived
in Sri Lanka for many years, were suddenly denied basic rights such as
education, jobs, housing and voting. Although the act was revised in 2003 to
allow more Tamils to qualify for citizenship, the damage had been done.
|
||||
L3
|
Explains one other cause of the Sinhalese-Tamil
conflict in Sri Lanka [5–6]
|
|||
i.e. shows
link between cause and the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict.
Award 5
marks for an explanation of one cause and an additional mark for any
supporting detail.
e.g. Unfair citizenship rights is another
cause of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka. This refers to the
discriminatory effects against the Tamils as a result of the Ceylon
Citizenship Act of 1948, which granted citizenship only to those who were
either born in Sri Lanka or whose forefathers were born there. As a result of
the act, many Indian Tamils became stateless and even though many had lived
in Sri Lanka for many years, were suddenly denied basic rights such as
education, jobs, housing and voting. Although the act was revised in 2003 to
allow more Tamils to qualify for citizenship, the damage had been done. As
the denial of citizenship effectively meant no access to even the most basic
public services, resulting in great hardships among the Tamils and increased
the chances of clashes between them and the Sinhalese, unfair citizenship
rights is a cause of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka.
OR
e.g. The Sinhala Only policy is another
cause of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka. This refers to the impact
of the Official Language Act, which mandates the use of Sinhala as the only
language of administration in the government service. To elaborate, Tamils in
the government service were given just three years to master Sinhala or be
dismissed. The ‘Sinhala Only’ policy thereby made it very difficult for
Tamils to find jobs. Although the government has since granted greater
recognition to the Tamil language, the rift between the two groups did not
narrow and clashes between them and the Sinhalese continue, hence the
‘Sinhala Only’ policy is a cause of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka.
OR
Unfair resettlement policies is another
cause of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka. This refers to the
resettling of poor Sinhalese peasants in the 1950s to Tamil populated areas.
To elaborate, before the resettlement, the Tamils and Sinhalese populated
different areas. The Tamils populated the highland districts and the Jaffna
peninsula, while the Sinhalese populated all the other areas other than those
two. Under the resettlement policy in the 1950s, Sinhalese peasants were
resettled to the Tamil populated areas, which were then followed by Sinhalese
Buddhist monks and the Sri Lankan Army. The Tamils were often bullied by the
Sinhalese troops and clashes in
religion often occurred. As such, the Tamils felt that the introduction of
the Sinhalese was intended to not only reduce their influence on their lands,
but also to erode their culture and heritage, which only served to increase
the suspicions and tensions between the two groups, hence unfair resettlement
policies is another cause of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka.
|
||||
L4
|
L3 plus Explains another cause of the
Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka
[7–8]
|
|||
i.e.
shows link between cause and the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict.
Award 7
marks for an explanation of a second cause and an additional mark for any
supporting detail.
|
||||
L5
|
L4 plus Explains relative significance of
the two chosen causes that caused the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka [9–10]
|
|||
i.e. not
just why they are significant, but explains why one is more, and the other
less, significant.
Award
the higher mark in the level for more fully developed answers.
e.g. L4 + I think unfair citizenship rights
is a more significant cause of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka than
the ‘Sinhala Only’ policy. This is because unfair citizenship rights threatened
the very basic terms of being a Sri Lankan citizen, such as the right to
vote, healthcare and a whole set of privileges that comes along with
citizenship. Although the Sinhala Only policy discriminates Tamils in
employment into the civil service, it impact only Tamils seeking employment
in the civil service. Compared to unfair citizenship rights which rendered
many Tamils stateless and denied them the most basic of rights, the ‘Sinhala
Only’ policy has a narrower impact, hence unfair citizenship rights is a more
significant cause of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka.
|
||||
3
|
(a)
|
Explain
how dispute over oil production is a cause of the Iraq-Kuwait conflict. [5]
|
||
L1
|
Writes about the Iraq-Kuwait conflict
[1]
|
|||
i.e.
with no description/explanation of dispute over oil production.
|
||||
L2
|
Describes dispute over oil production
between Iraq and Kuwait [2–3]
|
|||
Award
the higher mark in the level for more fully developed answers.
e.g. Dispute over oil production is a cause
of the war between Iraq and Kuwait. This refers to the over-production of oil
by Kuwait above the quotas set by the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC). Iraq had hoped to pay off its wartime debt from the revenue
from the sale of oil and pushed the OPEC to raise oil prices by cutting back
on production. Kuwait not only refused to the cuts requested by Saddam but
spearheaded the opposition in the OPEC. In addition, Kuwait was ignoring the
quotas set by OPEC and pumping huge amounts of oil way above the quotas set
by the OPEC, leading to a fall in oil prices. Iraq lost US$1 billion each
time the price of oil fell by US$1 and oil prices fell from US$18 to US$7 per
barrel in the late 1980s.
|
||||
L3
|
Explains how dispute over oil production is
a significant cause of the Iraq-Kuwait conflict
[4–5]
|
|||
i.e. shows
link between dispute over oil production and the Iraq-Kuwait conflict.
Award
the higher mark in the level for more fully developed answers.
e.g. Dispute over oil production is a cause
of the war between Iraq and Kuwait. This refers to the over-production of oil
by Kuwait above the quotas set by the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC). Iraq had hoped to pay off its wartime debt from the revenue
from the sale of oil and pushed the OPEC to raise oil prices by cutting back
on production. Kuwait not only refused to the cuts requested by Saddam but spearheaded
the opposition in the OPEC. In addition, Kuwait was ignoring the quotas set
by OPEC and pumping huge amounts of oil way above the quotas set by the OPEC,
leading to a fall in oil prices. Iraq lost US$1 billion each time the price
of oil fell by US$1 and oil prices fell from US$18 to US$7 per barrel in the
late 1980s. As a result, Iraq lost a lot of revenue. Already desperate for
revenue, Iraq perceived Kuwait’s actions as sabotaging of its efforts to
recover from the war. Iraq also amounted Kuwait’s actions to waging an
economic war, which must be met head on through all out war, hence ‘dispute
over oil production’ is a cause of the war between Iraq and Kuwait.
|
||||
3
|
(b)
|
Explain
two other causes of the Iraq-Kuwait conflict. Which of them is more
significant? Explain your answer. [10]
|
|
L1
|
Identifies other cause(s) that led to the
Iraq-Kuwait conflict
[1–2]
|
||
Award 1
mark for identifying one cause and 2 marks for identifying another cause.
e.g. Other causes are economic problems and
dispute over territory.
|
|||
L2
|
Describes other cause(s) led to the Iraq-Kuwait
conflict [3–4]
|
||
Award 3
marks for describing one cause and an additional mark for describing another cause.
e.g. Economic problems is another cause of
the Iraq-Kuwait conflict. This refers to the massive economic problems faced
by Iraq after the Iraq-Iran War. Iraq suffered tremendously during the war
with Iran. Besides the heavy loss of property and lives, Iraq owed $30
billion to Kuwait and another $50 billion to countries such as France and US.
Rebuilding the country also required a massive US$230 billion. Iraq appealed
to Kuwait to forgive its war debt to help Iraq in its recovery but this was
flatly refused. Kuwait was perceived as antagonistic by Iraq, as, despite
being in full knowledge of Iraq’s economic problems, Kuwait not only refused
to forgive Iraq’s war debt, but created obstacles to Iraq’s recovery such as
overproducing oil further hurting Iraq’s revenue.
|
|||
L3
|
Explains one other cause led to the Iraq-Kuwait
conflict [5–6]
|
||
i.e.
shows link between cause and the Iraq-Kuwait conflict.
Award 5
marks for an explanation of one cause and an additional mark for any
supporting detail.
e.g. Economic problems is another cause of
the Iraq-Kuwait conflict. This refers to the massive economic problems faced
by Iraq after the Iraq-Iran War. Iraq suffered tremendously during the war
with Iran. Besides the heavy loss of property and lives, Iraq owed $30
billion to Kuwait and another $50 billion to countries such as US and France.
Rebuilding the country also required a massive US$230 billion. Iraq appealed
to Kuwait to forgive its war debt to help Iraq in its recovery but this was
flatly refused. Kuwait was perceived as antagonistic by Iraq, as, despite
being in full knowledge of Iraq’s economic problems, Kuwait not only refused
to forgive Iraq’s war debt, but created obstacles to Iraq’s recovery such as
overproducing oil further hurting Iraq’s revenue. Fueled by Iraq’s
desperation to recover its economy, its animosity towards Kuwait escalated
over time and finally led to open war, hence economic problems is a cause of
the war between Iraq and Kuwait.
OR
Dispute over territory is a cause of the
war between Iraq and Kuwait. This refers to the disputes over the inherited
borders from the British that are not well defined after the two countries
gained independence. For example, the ill-defined borders between Iraq and
Kuwait resulted in both sides sharing a profitable oilfield, the Rumaila
oilfield. In 1990, Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing oil from its side of the
oilfield through slant-drilling technology. This accusation was denied by
Kuwait and Iraq’s demand for compensation was also flatly refused. Thus, Iraq
regarded Kuwait’s exploits of the Rumaila oilfields as outright robbery of
its precious resources and Kuwait’s unrelenting position on the islands an
ever-present threat to its oil export. Taken together, Kuwait’s actions were
perceived as predetermined and underhanded acts of sabotage to undermine
Iraq’s economic recovery, which cannot be tolerated; hence dispute over
territory is a cause of the war between Iraq and Kuwait.
|
|||
L4
|
L3 plus Explains another cause that led to
the Iraq-Kuwait conflict [7–8]
|
||
i.e.
shows link between cause and the Iraq-Kuwait conflict.
Award 7
marks for an explanation of a second cause and an additional mark for any
supporting detail.
|
|||
L5
|
L4 plus Explains relative significance of
the two chosen causes that led to the Iraq-Kuwait conflict [9–10]
|
||
i.e. not
just why they are significant, but explains why one is more, and the other
less, significant.
Award
the higher mark in the level for more fully developed answers.
e.g. L4 + I think economic problems is a
more significant cause of the war than dispute over territory. The dispute
over the inherited borders from the British has long been settled in 1963
when Kuwait paid a large sum of money to Iraq after the Arab nations
intervened. Had Iraq not been troubled by massive economic problems prior to
the invasion of Kuwait, the dispute over territory would not have risen to top
Iraq’s political agenda. Since Iraq’s economic problems is the excuse for Iraq
reopening a closed issue, it is a more significant cause of the war.
|
|||
4
|
(a)
|
Explain how advancement in transportation
technologies is a cause of globalisation.
[5]
|
||
L1
|
Writes about globalisation [1]
|
|||
i.e. with
no description/explanation of advancement in transportation technologies.
|
||||
L2
|
Describes advancement of transportation [2–3]
|
|||
Award
the higher mark in the level for more fully developed answers.
e.g. Advancement in transportation
technologies is a cause of globalisation. This refers to the rapid
development of transport systems that moves people and goods from one place
to another. For example, the prevalent use of containerisation has reduced the time and cost of moving goods as it
has greatly simplified the transfer of goods from one mode of transportation
to another, since containers can be easily transferred from ships to trucks.
In addition, the development and use of bigger and faster transportation
vessels such as jumbo jets and faster and larger ocean-going vessels further
add to the increasing mobility of goods and people.
|
||||
L3
|
Explains how advancement of transportation technologies
is a cause of globalisation
[4–5]
|
|||
i.e. shows
link between advancement in transportation technologies and globalisation.
Award
the higher mark in the level for more fully developed answers.
e.g. Advancement in transportation
technologies is a cause of globalisation. This refers to the rapid
development of transport systems that moves people and goods from one place
to another. For example, the prevalent use of containerisation has reduced the time and cost of moving goods as it
has greatly simplified the transfer of goods from one mode of transportation
to another, since containers can be easily transferred from ships to trucks.
In addition, the development and use of bigger and faster transportation
vessels such as jumbo jets and faster and larger ocean-going vessels further
add to the increasing mobility of goods and people. As advancement in transportation technologies
have significantly reduced the cost and time for people and goods to move
over large distances, effectively ‘shrinking’ the world such that places
becomes more connected, it is a cause of globalisation.
|
||||
4
|
(b)
|
Explain two
other causes of globalisation. Which of them is more significant? Explain your answer. [10]
|
||
L1
|
Identifies other impact(s) of globalisation
[1–2]
|
|||
Award 1
mark for identifying one impact and 2 marks for identifying another impact.
e.g. Other causes are advancement in communications
technologies and the rise of transnational corporations.
|
||||
L2
|
Describes other impact(s) of globalisation [3–4]
|
|||
Award 3
marks for describing one impact and an additional mark for describing another
impact.
e.g. Advancement in communications
technologies is a cause of globalisation. This refers to the rapid
development of communication infrastructure and tools such as satellites,
email and social media which have made communications among people in
different locations faster and more convenient. For example, satellite
technology has enabled messages to be transmitted from one location and
received in another part of the world almost simultaneously. Similarly, the
capacity and speed of optical fibre systems to carry information has only
increased over the years.
|
||||
L3
|
Explains one other impact of globalisation [5–6]
|
|||
i.e. shows
link between impact and globalisation.
Award 5
marks for an explanation of one impact and an additional mark for any
supporting detail.
e.g. Advancement in communications
technologies is a cause of globalisation. This refers to the rapid
development of communication infrastructure and tools such as satellites,
email and social media which have made communications among people in
different locations faster and more convenient. For example, satellite
technology has enabled messages to be transmitted from one location and
received in another part of the world almost simultaneously. Similarly, the
capacity and speed of optical fibre systems to carry information has only
increased over the years. As Advancement
in communications technologies not only allow people to communicate more
efficiently over large distances, but also enabled transnational corporations
to coordinate and control their worldwide activities easily, further
perpetuating the exchange of ideas, it is a cause of globalisation.
OR
e.g. The rise of transnational corporations
(TNCs) is a driving force of globalisation. To elaborate, TNCs are large
global firms that operate in a number of countries and have production or
service facilities outside their country of origin. For example, Apple, an
American TNC that manufactures computers and related peripherals, sources its
manufacturing components from around the world before assembling the final
product in another country. As TNCs control massive economic assets in their
own country and investments in their host countries, which connects and
integrates economies around the world, it is a cause of globalisation.
|
||||
L4
|
L3 plus Explains another cause of
globalisation [7–8]
|
|||
i.e. shows
link between cause and globalisation.
Award 7
marks for an explanation of a second cause and an additional mark for any
supporting detail.
|
||||
L5
|
L4 plus Explains relative significance of
the two chosen causes of globalisation
[9–10]
|
||
i.e. not
just why they are significant, but explains why one is more, and the other
less, significant.
Award
the higher mark in the level for more fully developed answers.
e.g. L4 + I think advancements in
communications technology is a more significant cause of globalisation than
the rise of transnational corporations. The rise of transnational
corporations is largely made possible due to advancements in communications
technology, which allowed transnational corporations to coordinate their
operations across national boundaries. As it would not have been possible for
transnational corporations to operate without advancements in communications
technology, advancements in communications technology is a more significant
cause of globalisation.
|
|||
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