Answers India-China Border conflict

LORMS

Source based case study

Q1a	Study Source A and B. How different are the 2 sources? Explain your answer.		[7]
L1	1 similarity/Difference in provenance/source type Both sources are similar. Both sources are published online. OR Both sources are different. Source A is a view by Yahoo! but Source B is by China Institute of International Studies.		1
L2	1 similarity/difference in content Similar in content Both Source A and B are similar in sharing that the India-China border dispute is not easily resolvable. We can infer from Source A that the dispute is complex to resolve as Source A states that, “This dispute is a great challenge.” and “China acts to settle disputes only when it feels it will be of advantage.” This means that a solution to the border dispute will be hard to achieve. China acts in its own interest and so settling of the dispute with China is unlikely to be smooth. Similarly, Source B also tells us that the dispute is hard to resolve. Source B states that, “the map drawn up by the British is one that China never accepted. If India won't make adjustments over the map, it is unlikely that an agreement will be reached.” This means that unless India which inherited the border map is willing to give in to China’s preference of where the borders lie, it is unlikely that a settlement is reached, making the dispute hard to resolve. Hence, both sources are similar in telling us that the India-China border dispute is a challenge to resolve. OR Different in content Source A and B are different telling us which country is to blame for the on-going dispute block/ at fault in making the border conflict hard to solve. Source A blames China while Source B blames India. Source A states that China is hindering the border dispute from being resolved because of its arrogance and selfishness. Source A states that, “A Chinese philosopher once said “In the world there is only power. The strong always rule the weak” and “China also acts to settle disputes only when they feel that the advantage is with them.” This means that the China will not compromise with India over the disputed border and is ready to use force and will only be willing to do so if it gains from it. Hence, China is at fault for the dispute being so hard to resolve.   On the other hand, Source B states that India is the hindrance to resolving the border dispute. Source B tells us that, “With more Indian soldiers patrolling the disputed border and India building a massive infrastructure programme there, the border problem is more complex and tense now.” And “If India won’t make adjustments over the map, it is unlikely that an agreement will be reached..” This means that India is the cause of the border dispute being unsolvable because of India’s aggressive actions at the border and this has made the situation worse and with the issue of the disputed maps, it is unlikely that India and China will be able to resolve the dispute. Offer 3 marks for a supported and explained answer.		2-3
L3	Similarity AND Difference in content BOTH Aspects of L2 Offer 5 marks for supported and explained answers.		4-5
L4	Difference in purpose Source A and B have different purposes. Source A’s purpose is to accuse China of  being a bully and being arrogant in settling its border dispute with India so as to obtain the territory it wants from the India-China border dispute. When the world governments thinks poorly of China and believes it is not a friendly nation, these government may be less friendly and helpful towards China and even request that China settle the border dispute with India in a more friendly and less belligerent/aggressive way.  Source B’s purpose is to put across to the world government’s China’s opinion of the India-China dispute and to influence them to believe that China has been very reasonable and honest in its dealings with India border dispute with India but it is India which is not taking any action to solve the disagreements. This is so that the world governments will sympathize with China and blame India for not taking any positive actions to resolve the issue. OR to influence the leaders of India who are meeting with their Chinese counterparts in a week’s time, to be ready to compromise with China if they want to end the dispute over the border.  Offer 6 marks for a well-explained answer		6
L5	Similarity in content AND 1 difference in purpose L3 + L4 Offer 7 marks for a well-explained answer		7
Q1b		Study Source C. How useful is this source in helping us understand why the India-China border dispute is hard to resolve? Explain your answer.	[7]
L1		Not useful – Typicality e.g. Not useful. This is the view of only 1 newspaper Useful – Provenance e.g. Useful. It is published in a US newspaper.	1
L2		Useful based on uncritical acceptance of source content e.g. Useful. As the content tells us there is no settlement because China is acting in an aggressive way that is making India uneasy as Source C tells us that China entered India’s side of the border and set up tents and refused to leave. Such actions raised tensions and make the dispute a challenge to resolve. Hence, this means that the conflict is hard to resolve. Offer 3 marks for a supported answer.	2-3
L3		Useful/Not Useful Cross-reference Useful - Cross-reference support for reliability e.g. Source C is useful in helping us understand why the India-China border dispute is hard to resolve as Source C‘s reason is supported by Source A as both sources tell us that China is the reason why the India-China Border dispute is hard to resolve. Both sources indicate that tension increased over the border dispute because of China’s aggressiveness. Source C states, “The Indian authorities failed to notice this until the next morning but by then about 30 Chinese soldiers had pitched tents in an area both countries claim. Indian military officials protested. The Chinese stayed put.” This means that China was acting in a hostile and arrogant manner by entering the disputed areas without approval and claiming it as their territory and this led to tension. Likewise, Source A is also telling us about China’s aggressiveness makes the dispute hard to resolve. Source A states that, “China is taking advantage of India. China believes its neighbours are vastly inferior.” & “A Chinese philosopher once said “In the world there is only power. The strong always rule the weak.” This means that China is exploiting India’s weakness and believes in using force to resolve differences with India. Hence, the writer is suggesting that China’s aggressiveness is hindering the process of resolving the border dispute. Hence, Source C is supporting Source A and this makes Source more reliable and hence more useful. Not useful – cross-reference reliability refute Source C is not useful in helping us understand why the India-China border dispute is hard to resolve as Source C is blaming china for the dispute whereas Source B is blaming India. Source C states, “The Indian authorities failed to notice this until the next morning but by then about 30 Chinese soldiers had pitched tents in an area both countries claim. Indian military officials protested. The Chinese stayed put.” This means that China was acting in a hostile and arrogant manner by entering the disputed areas without approval and claiming it as their territory and this led to tension. However, Source B blames India for the dispute. Source B states, “With more Indian soldiers patrolling the disputed border and India building a massive infrastructure programme there, the border problem is more complex and tense now.” This means that it is India’s border activities which has worsened the border dispute by complicating the matter and creation unhappiness. OR Not useful - Cross-reference for Missing Information Offer 4marks for supported cross-reference for missing information. e.g. Not useful because the source’s information regarding why the border dispute is hard to resolve is limited. Source C tells us that the dispute is hard to resolve because of China’s aggressive actions but there is no information in Source C that tells us about the dispute being hard to resolve because of the maps the British left behind for India. This issue of maps being created by the British without the consulting of China is mentioned in the background information. It is also mentioned in Sources B. Source B states, “Also, the map drawn up by the British is one that China never accepted. If India won’t make adjustments over the map, it is unlikely that an agreement will be reached.” This means that the dispute over the borders is linked to the disagreement over the British drawn maps which are not mentioned in Source C as a reason for the on-going dispute. Hence, since the information in Source C is limited in helping us to understand why the India-China border dispute is hard to resolve as there is missing information in Source C that is found in source B.	4-5
L4		Useful – Explain non-bias hence reliable   e.g. Source C is useful in helping us understand why the India-China border dispute is hard to resolve because the source is not bias. It is written by an American newspaper company and the report may make its readers in the US believe that China is acting in an ungentlemanly manner over the border dispute resulting in the US readers disliking China and feeling sorry for India. This reaction does not provide any gain for the US newspaper company. Furthermore, the US newspaper company is not part of the tussle over the border between India and China and is simply reporting the news and thus, the source has no hidden motive and is therefore unbiased and we can believe what it is saying about why the India-China border dispute is hard to resolve. Thus, Source C is reliable and thus useful.	6
L5		Both Useful and Not Useful is discussed. Both sides of L3 OR 1 aspect of L3 + L4   Offer 8 marks for a well-explained answer.	7-8
Q1c		Study Source D. Why was this cartoon created? Explain your answer.	[7]
L1		Describes source    e.g. The source tells me that the Chinese are creating a road at the border between India and China.	1
L2		Sub-message Award 3 marks for a supported answer e.g. The source was created to tell us that China is guilty of intruding into Indian territory unopposed. I say so because the picture shows the border of the 2 nations and the truck and bulldozer is driving into Indian territory and creating a road. The Indian Prime Minister notices this but instead of stopping this action is praising the action of the Chinese. Alternative China is acting aggressively in its border incursions.	2-3
L3		Main message Offer 5 marks for a supported and explained answer. e.g. This source is a criticism of the Indian government/was created to influence Indian citizens that the Indian government is weak in its dealing with Chinese incursions into Indian territory/ is powerless in dealing with China’s incursion in its territory so that the Indian citizens will criticize the Indian government for not standing up to the Chinese aggression and not stopping the building of a road that goes into Indian territory. I say so because Source D shows a Chinese military truck and a bulldozer charging into Indian territory and creating a road. This road is probably the highway China built through Aksai Chin which is a disputed area. Instead of stopping the Chinese which is stated in the background information. The Indian Prime Minister is drawn to be praising the Chinese for building the road much to the surprise of the Indian military officer. This means that the Indian government is not doing anything to protect the sovereignty of India from being violated by the Chinese and this highlights the weakness of the Indian government in its handling of the border incursions by China. Alternative Source D is telling Indian citizens that China is emboldened by the inactions of the Indian government to oppose Chinese intrusions into Indian territory. Offer 6 marks for a supported answer.	4-5
L3		Purpose Offer 7 marks for a well-explained answer. e.g. This source was created to influence the Indian public that the Indian government is weak in its dealing with Chinese incursions into Chinese territory so that the Indian public will criticize the Indian government for not standing up to the Chinese aggression and  even foolishly allowing the Chinese to build a road into India’s side of the border. I say so because Source D shows a Chinese military truck and a bulldozer charging into Indian territory and creating a road. This road is probably the highway China built through Aksai Chin which is a disputed area. Instead of stopping the Chinese, the Indian Prime Minister instead is praising the Chinese for building the road much to the surprise and dismay of the Indian military officer. This means that the Indian government is not doing anything to protect the sovereignty of India  from being violated by the Chinese. The Indian public sees the Tweet of this cartoon, they will be very angry with the Indian government and will criticize it for doing nothing and mount pressure on the Indian government to take action to stop the Chinese from incurring into Indian territory.	6-7
Q1d		Study Source E. What is the message of the source? Explain your answer.	[6]
L1		Uncritical acceptance of source at face value Give 2 marks for supported answer.   e.g. This source tells me that the relationship between the 2 nations is good. It shows that they have a good relationship as the sign-boards all around show the words “India-China Bhai! Bhai!” which means India and China are brothers. This means that the 2 nations are close. OR describes the source  e.g. The source tells me that India has cross over into Indian territory/ China has cut through the wire fence to enter India.	1-2
L2		Valid inference sub-message 4 marks for a supported answer e.g. The message is that there is tension between India and China at the border as China has entered Indian territory against India’s wishes. Source E shows China represented by its President, having cut through the border fence, and erected a tent on Indian territory, without India’s permission. The Indian president is depicted as pleading with the Chinese President to respect the boundary, “No incursions please.” and reminding China of their supposed friendly ties “We have enough space for friendship.” Hence, this means that India-China are having tension over its borders.	3-4
L3		Valid Inference Main Message 6 marks for a supported answer e.g. The message is that China is a self-serving and untrustworthy nation as China does not value its good relations with India and is prepared to sacrifice it for selfish gain/ China is taking advantage of India for its own gain. Source E shows China which is represented by its President, having cut through the barbwire fence at the border, is now erecting a tent on Indian territory much to the dismay of India, represented by the Indian PM, who pleads with China to respect the boundary, “No incursions please.” China is ignoring India’s pleas. This means that despite thie obvious strain that Chinese actions have on the India-China relations with banners all around proclaiming “India and China. Bhai Bhai!” which means that India and China are good friends, China is ignoring both the pleas of India and risk damaging good India-China relations to grab territory for itself.  Hence, the message is that China is an untrustworthy and self-serving nation.	5-6
Q1e		Study Source F. Does this source prove the cause of the border dispute between India and China? Explain your answer.	[7]
L1		Provenance – Yes proves e.g. Yes, this does prove because it is by a Chinese government official and so he is likely to be telling the truth.	1
L2		Does not prove – Typicality e.g. No, I cannot believe this source as it is just the opinion of one Chinese official, which may not be reflective of the truth. OR Uncritical acceptance of source at face value  – Yes proves e.g. Yes, this source proves the cause of tension over the disputed border because Source F does give information that Britain was to blame for the tension as it created maps that led to confusion over the borders. Source F states, “a headache and trouble left over to us by the British colonists.” This means that the border dispute is a problem created by the British when they created a map of the China-India border without consulting the Chinese. Hence, Source F does prove what caused the border dispute as it blames the British.	2
L4		Cross-reference - Support OR refute Support –proves e.g. Yes, this source proves the cause of tension over the disputed border because Source F does give information that Britain was to blame for the tension as it created maps that led to confusion over the borders. Source F states, “a headache and trouble left over to us by the British colonists.” This means that the border dispute is a problem created by the British when they created a map of the China-India border without consulting the Chinese. Hence, Source F does prove what caused the border dispute as it blames the British.  Likewise, source B also blames Britain for the India China border dispute as Source B states, “Also, the map drawn up by the British is one that China never accepted. If India won’t make adjustments over the map, it is unlikely that an agreement will be reached.” This means that the map used by India to determine the border was crafted without Chinese agreement by the British and is the source of contention between the 2 sides and so cause of the tension is the maps the British drew and so Britain is to blame for the tension. Hence, since Source F is supported by Source B, source F does prove what caused the border dispute between India and China. OR Refute – does not prove e.g. No, this does not prove what the cause of tension was over the disputed border because Source F is refuted by Source E. Source F blames the British maps as the root of the dispute between India and China over the border. Source F states, “a headache and trouble left over to us by the British colonists.” This means that the border dispute which is the :”headache and trouble” being referred to by the Chinese official was a problem created by the British when they ruled India and this is in reference to the wrong mapping they have done showing the disputed territory as Indian territory without seeking the input of China. However, source E refutes this and blames the Chinese actions for the dispute over the border. Source E shows China’s president setting up a tent on the Indian side of the border having illegally broken through the fencing. This means that China’s aggressive and provocative actions to enter Indian territory are the cause of the tension between India and China and not the issue of the inaccurate British maps. Hence, since source F is refuted by Source E, source F is unreliable and does not prove what the cause of tension was over the disputed border.	3-4
L5		Both aspects of L3 Support AND Refute	4-5
L6		Does not prove - biasness e.g. No this source does not prove what the cause of tension was over the disputed border because the source is bias and unreliable as it is created by the Chinese government who wants to direct the blame for the dispute with India at Britain and the maps they left behind for India so that blame for the dispute will be deflected away from China. Source F states that the border dispute with India is “a headache and trouble left over to us by the British colonists.” This means that the cause of the border dispute with India is because of the British. When the international community understands this, they will believe that Britain is the cause of the dispute and that China is trying its best to resolve the bilateral border dispute with India such that should there be no future progress or any tensions with India over the issue, China will be not be blamed but Britain will be blamed instead. This will allow China to continue to act aggressively in the border dispute and the world will continue to think of past actions of Britain being the source of the continued dispute instead of focusing on China’s aggressive actions in grabbing and staking a claim over the disputed areas.	6-7

Structured Essay Questions LORMs

2	Diplomacy
(a)	Explain how bilateral relation is an effective way for Singapore to practice diplomacy.	[5]
L1	Writes diplomacy without reference to question   e.g. Diplomacy is the act of building and developing goodwill with other nations in order to further national interest.	1
L2	Describes factor e.g. One way in which diplomacy has been effectively practiced by Singapore is through developing good bilateral relations. Good bilateral relations means that Singapore develops close ties and friendship with other countries on a one-to-one basis. For example, Singapore developed good relations with Japan, Germany and the United States.	2-3
L3	Explains factor e.g. One way in which diplomacy has been effectively practiced by Singapore is through developing good bilateral relations. Good bilateral relations means that Singapore develops close ties and friendship with other countries on a one-to-one basis. For example, Singapore developed good relations with Japan, Germany and the United States. Good bilateral relations have allowed Singapore to enjoy industrial benefits such as technological transfer and assistance from friendly nations which has helped local industries. Good bilateral relations have also brought economic benefits in the form of increased bilateral trade between Singapore and these nations. For example, in the 1970s, Singapore depended on good bilateral relations with nations such as Japan, Germany and the United States for technological transfers and increased bilateral trade. With technological transfer, Singapore companies learnt how to be more efficient and productive with new technology from advanced countries like Japan, Germany and United States. This helped Singapore companies to modernise. Singapore’s efforts to develop good bilateral relations has also led to more bilateral trade between Singapore and these countries Singapore has developed bilateral ties with. This allowed Singapore companies to export more locally manufactured goods, boosting employment in Singapore, raising the salaries of Singaporeans and raising the standard of living of Singapore. Better bilateral ties with neighbours like Malaysia and Indonesia mean more investments in Singapore by Indonesian and Malaysian businesses and more trade. Hence, developing good bilateral relations is a good way to conduct diplomacy as it has brought economic and industrial benefits to Singapore. Furthermore, developing good bilateral relations have allowed Singapore to improve political and cultural ties with neighbouring countries which ensures security benefits for Singapore. Improved bilateral relations means there is lower chance for war because of misunderstandings occurring with our neighbours as there is a deepening of culture exchange between Singapore and our neighbours. Developing and cultivating good bilateral relations also means Singapore takes steps to help friendly nations in need. For example during the 2004 Asian Tsunami, Singapore sent humanitarian aid to neighbouring countries such as Indonesia and Thailand. This helped Singapore earn the goodwill (friendship) of these nations while earning international recognition as a helpful member of the international community.   Hence developing strong bilateral relations is certainly good way for Singapore to conduct diplomacy.	4-5
(b)	Explain 2 other effective ways for Singapore to practice diplomacy. Which way is better? Explain your answer.	[10]
L1	Identifies factors Offer 2 marks for 2 correctly identified factors e.g. 2 other effective ways for Singapore to practice diplomacy are developing regional relations and developing international relations.	1-2
L2	Describes factors Offer 4 marks for 2 factors which are described e.g. An effective way for Singapore to conduct diplomacy is through the conduct of regional diplomacy/ development of regional relations such as by being a member of a regional association of states. Singapore is a member of ASEAN and conducts most of its regional relations through ASEAN. In the 1970s, South East Asia was unstable and had many economic, political and security challenges. Faced with all these disputes, the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) was formed to create greater stability and prosperity and Singapore became a member. OR/AND Another effective way for Singapore to conduct diplomacy is via developing good international relations. Singapore conducts international relations by being a member of the United Nations. By being involved in international ties, nations, like Singapore can also influence the world such as when Singapore played a major part in the UN Law of the Sea Conference. Another example of how international relations can be a good way to practise diplomacy for Singapore is through its involvement in the UN Security Council where it served as a non-permanent member from 2001 to 2002.	3-4
L3	Explains how 1 factor is an effective way to conduct diplomacy Offer up to 6 marks for additional details e.g. An effective way for Singapore to conduct diplomacy is through the conduct of regional diplomacy/ development of regional relations such as by being a member of a regional association of states. Singapore is a member of ASEAN and conducts most of its regional relations through ASEAN. In the 1970s, South East Asia was unstable and had many economic, political and security challenges. Faced with all these disputes, the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) was formed to create greater stability and prosperity and Singapore became a member. Singapore, as a small state, benefits from getting involved diplomatically with strong regional associations like ASEAN as it promotes friendly relations amongst member nations leading to regional peace as the regional grouping is used as an avenue to resolve differences between nations in the region peacefully such as in the ASEAN regional forum where differences between member states and ASEAN and other nations can be discussed in a peaceful manner without resulting in war. Furthermore, by practising regional diplomacy, Singapore also will experience increase trade with member states as with the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA). AFTA leads to greater economic growth and prosperity for Singapore as Singapore can export goods within ASEAN without taxes which means demand for Singapore-made goods will increase and Singapore companies will do well. Finally, being part of a regional grouping like ASEAN gives Singapore more political clout to negotiate with larger nations like China and Russia which may otherwise not negotiate with Singapore. OR Another effective way for Singapore to conduct diplomacy is via developing good international relations. Singapore conducts international relations by being a member of the United Nations. Singapore benefits from this form of diplomacy as it gained access to international help and advice. This was very important for a new nation like Singapore. The UN sent economic experts to Singapore to help it with its economic and social development through early economic such as Dr. Albert Wineskins who helped Singapore in its industrial planning and development from the period of its independence to the late 1970s. By being involved in international ties, nations, like Singapore can also influence the world such as when Singapore played a major part in the UN Law of the Sea Conference which helped the world decide on the territorial rights of a country over its waters. Singapore also gained the respect and recognition of other nations and this increased it international reputation and standing. Another example of how international relations can be a good way to practise diplomacy for Singapore is through its involvement in the UN Security Council where it served as a non-permanent member from 2001 to 2002. This meant that Singapore could play a key role in maintaining peace and security in the world. The election to the UN security council showed that the world thought well of Singapore and this enhanced Singapore’s reputation as a capable country and useful member of the world community of nations. Singapore’s practise of developing international relations also led to Singapore contributing resources to international peace keeping. Hence, developing international relations by Singapore has provided it a platform to serve the world. For example, by 2005, Singapore had been involved in over 13 peacekeeping operations in 11 countries involving 1500 personnel from Singapore. Hence, the practise of international diplomacy by Singapore has provided Singapore the means to serve the world when the need arises to maintain world peace and security, and a more peaceful and stable world also benefits Singapore’s security ultimately.	5-6
L4	Explains 2 factors are effective ways to conduct diplomacy Offer up to 8 marks for additional details Both aspects of L3	7-8
L5	L4 + Weighing e.g. In conclusion, between regional and international diplomacy the more effective way to conduct diplomacy for Singapore would be the method that can give Singapore greater benefits and this would be international diplomacy as Singapore benefits from interacting with a wider range of nations which can trade and offer assistance to Singapore. Singapore also has a larger stage upon which it can play a role in the world such as via the United Nations and thus gain recognition for its contributions. While practising regional diplomacy also brings benefits, the gains from being part of a regional grouping like ASEAN will depend upon the strength of ASEAN as a regional grouping and ASEAN clout. Should the regional grouping not be strong, Singapore’s participation may also not reap the economic, political and security benefits it seeks.	9-10
3	Ways of managing Transnational Terrorism
(a)	Explain why regional cooperation is an effective way to manage terrorism.	[5]
L1	Writes about terrorism without reference to question   e.g. Transnational terrorism is about the use of violence against societies and states across countries.	1
L2	Describe factor e.g. Regional level cooperation is one of the ways to manage terrorism effectively. In regional level cooperation, nations in the same region work together to combat terrorism by sharing information, creating laws that limit the ability of terrorists to carry out their activities in the region and cooperation in law enforcement. For example, ASEAN views terrorism as a major threat to international peace and security and a direct challenge to the achievements of peace, progress and prosperity in ASEAN. Another example of regional cooperation limiting terrorism is the ASEAN Regional Forum where ideas on how to boost security in ASEAN are discussed.	2-3
L3	Explain factor Offer up to 5 marks for a well-explained answer e.g. Regional level cooperation is one of the ways to manage terrorism effectively. In regional level cooperation, nations in the same region work together to combat terrorism by sharing information, creating laws that limit the ability of terrorists to carry out their activities in the region and cooperation in law enforcement. For example, ASEAN views terrorism as a major threat to international peace and security and a direct challenge to the achievements of peace, progress and prosperity in ASEAN. Nations in ASEAN cooperate through joint police and intelligence measures to exchange information on transnational terrorism. This allows nations in the region to track the movement of potential terrorists. The terrorists have no safe haven in the region, cannot hide and it is easier to arrest them , minimising the possibility of terrorism. Regional cooperation in South East Asia has helped in the arrest of Jemah Islamiyah bomb maker Fathur Rohman Al-Ghozi based on information provided by Singapore. He was involved in the December 2000 Light Railway Train bombing in Manila. Hence, he was unable to carry out further attacks that would kill people or damage property. Hence, regional cooperation led to a minimisation of terrorist attacks. Another example of regional cooperation limiting terrorism is the ASEAN Regional Forum where ideas on how to boost security in ASEAN are discussed.  For instance in January 2007, ASEAN law enforcement agencies signed the Convention on Counter Terrorism to create a legally binding anti-terrorism agreement to ensure cooperation amongst members states to combat terrorism. This sealed the region’s commitment to cooperate to fight terrorism – be it sharing information to make it easier to arrest terrorists by tracking their activities in the South-East Asian region and for ASEAN law enforcement agencies to cooperate to arrest potential terror suspects such as Singaporean terror suspect Mas Salamet Kastari, who was arrested with the help of the Malaysian police. Hence, with such cooperation, the likelihood of a terrorist attack on the nations in the region is reduced considerably. Thus, regional cooperation can effectively reduce terrorism.	4-5
(b)	Explain 2 other ways of effectively managing terrorism. Which is the better way? Explain your answer.	[10]
L1	Identifies factors Offer 2 marks for 2 correctly identified factors e.g. 2 effective ways to manage terrorism is through international cooperation and by nurturing an environment that censures terrorism.	1-2
L2	Describes factors Offer up to 4 marks for 2 factors described One of the ways to combat transnational terrorism is through international cooperation. By international cooperation it means that all nations act in coordination to stop terrorists from conducting their activities to carry out terrorist acts, spread terrorist ideas or recruit new members. For example, the United Nations passed a series of resolutions in a bid to stop transnational terrorism. The United Nations froze the financial assets of known terrorist organisations. Another way to effectively counter terrorism at the international level is to deny transnational terrorists a safe haven in any nation. To ensure effectiveness, the UN set up a UN Counter Terrorism Committee to monitor member nations’ adherence to these measures. OR/AND Another way to manage transnational terrorism well is by nurturing an environment that censures and does not support terrorism. The terrorist’s belief systems based on hate/enmity and ideas that glorify use of violence and instigate people to commit acts of violence.	3-4
L3	Explain how international cooperation OR nurturing an environment that condemns terrorism combats terrorism. Offer up to 6 marks for additional details e.g. One of the ways to combat transnational terrorism (TNT) is through international cooperation. By international cooperation it means that all nations act in coordination to stop terrorists from conducting their activities to carry out terrorist acts, spread terrorist ideas or recruit new members. This helps lessen terrorist attacks. For example, the United Nations passed a series of resolutions in a bid to stop transnational terrorism. The United Nations froze the financial assets of known terrorist organisations and this effectively means these organisations no longer have the means to buy arms or recruit people to join them, reducing their influence. UN member nations have frozen $200 million in terrorist funding. Another way to effectively counter terrorism at the international level is to deny transnational terrorists a safe haven in any nation. This makes it hard for terrorists to carry out their activities in any country and between countries when nations cooperate to share information and work together to prosecute terrorists. To ensure effectiveness, the UN set up a UN Counter Terrorism Committee to monitor member nations’ adherence to these measures and this ensures that terrorists have no nation to hide in as allow member nations are working towards arresting and curtailing terrorism in coordination and adherence to the UN anti-terrorism laws. With these international efforts more than 400 suspected transnational terrorists have been arrested. Hence, this is why and how international cooperation is an effective way to manage terrorism. OR Another way to manage transnational terrorism well is by nurturing an environment that censures and does not support terrorism. The terrorist’s belief systems based on hate/enmity and ideas that glorify use of violence and instigate people to commit acts of violence. People in every single society clearly outlaw terrorist teachings and consider them immoral. If society firmly, unequivocally and actively rejects these evil ideas, such ideas cannot be propagated by terrorists and thus these ideas will not gain legitimacy or take root in any country. Hence, transnational terrorists will have no platforms to recruit members as everyone will deny the terrorists space in society by not tolerating terrorist thinking. Hence, by nurturing an environment that censures and does not support terrorism, terrorist ideas will not survive and transnational terrorism is effectively managed. No members of any society will also become recruited by terrorists organisations since nobody is convinced by the ideas of terrorism.  Transnational terrorists will be unable to find new members and will be weakened due to a shortage of manpower. Hence, this will lead to a fewer transnational terrorist activities.	5-6
L4	Explains 2 factors are effective ways to manage Transnational Terrorism.   Offer up to 8 marks for additional details Both aspects of L3	7-8
L5	L4+Weighing Offer 10 marks for a well-explained answer In conclusion, the better way to manage transnational terrorism is to censure terrorist ideas and cultivate an environment that is clearly against terrorism. There can only be effective international cooperation to combat terrorism if at each country’s national level, the government and its people take a stand to censure and stamp out terrorism. No planned cooperation internationally will succeed as long as nations do not openly denounce terrorism and control its spread at the national level. Terrorists continue to evade security and Transnational Terrorists will continue to recruit new members who are not on the international police watch list and using the internet to recruit and plan terrorist attacks easily. Hence a nation that allows terrorists, their resources and their ideas to reside and spread in the country will cooperate in the fight against terrorism at the regional and international level can easily cause any attempts at the international level to control terrorism to fail. Hence, the censuring of terrorism and cultivating an environment that is clearly against terrorist ideas is the more effective way to manage terrorism.	9-10
4	Globalization and its impact
(a)	Explain the negative social impact of globalization.	[5]
L1	Writes about globalisation in general e.g. Globalisation is about the world becoming smaller. The world becomes more connected.	1
L2	Describe factor Offer 1 additional mark for each detail e.g. The negative social impact of globalisation refers to countries being exposed to international culture which is homogenous in nature and through media has become popular with young of many nations. The youth enjoy international pop music and common international foods like fast food and embrace common lifestyle such as having coffee at Starbucks.	2-3
L3	Explain factor Offer 1 additional mark for a well-explain answer. e.g. The negative social impact of globalisation refers to countries being exposed to international culture which is homogenous in nature and through media has become popular with young of many nations. The youth enjoy international pop music and common international foods like fast food and embrace common lifestyle such as having coffee at Starbucks. The popular nature of world culture means it threatens to replace local culture such as traditional music and cuisine. Nations lose their unique culture forever as local culture eventually becomes forgotten as each generation of people in the countries absorb more global culture. As taste and preferences sway towards that of global culture and traditions, local culture is sidelined and eventually becomes less popular and subsequently lost forever. Hence, entire cultural practices and lifestyles may end up becoming extinct because of the negative social impact of globalisation.	4-5
(b)	Explain 2 other negative impacts of globalization. Which is more serious? Explain your answer.	[10]
L1	Identify factors e.g. Two other negative impact of globalisation are the economic impact of widening income gap and the environmental impact of environmental degradation. Note: Accept also any other sub-points under economic impact such as intensive competition between nations and brain drain.	1-2
L2	Describe factors E.g. Two other negative impact of globalisation are the economic impact of widening income gap and the environmental impact of environmental degradation. One of the negative economic impacts of globalisation is the widening income gap between nations. There is a widening income gap because the developed countries (DCs) rather than LDC(Less Developed countries) will manage to attract Transnational Corporations for high-value operations. Hence, DCs will have a higher standard of living but LDCs will not. Developed/developing countries (DCs) can better attract TNC to set up high-value operations but less developed nations (LDCs) cannot do so or attract TNCs only for low-level operations. A rich-poor gap/widening income gap/income disparity is created OR/AND Another negative impact of globalisation is the environmental impact. Globalization has brought about environmental degradation. Environmental degradation refers to destruction of the environment because of effects like global warming and deforestation. This can occur as globalisation leads to increase use of fossil fuels.	3-4
L3	Explain one other factor Offer 6 marks for a well-explained answer. Economic impact One of the negative economic impacts of globalisation is the widening income gap between nations. There is a widening income gap because the developed countries (DCs) rather than LDC(Less Developed countries) will manage to attract Transnational Corporations for high-value operations. Hence, DCs will have a higher standard of living but LDCs will not. Developed/developing countries (DCs) can better attract TNC to set up high-value operations but less developed nations (LDCs) cannot do so or attract TNCs only for low-level operations. A rich-poor gap/widening income gap/income disparity is created between nations. Citizens in developed countries earn much higher wages then citizens living in less developed countries because of the jobs that Transnational corporations offer. The DCs can earn the revenue from the Transnational Corporations which invest there. This means that LDCs will remain poor and their standard of living continues to drop while the DCs get wealthier. Hence, the world’s wealth is not equally shared, with LDCs not being able to provide its citizens basic necessities such as education and healthcare. As time goes on, these LDCs become caught in a poverty trap. Within nations, the negative impact of a rich-poor gap will materialise as globalisation benefits the educated and skilled. Transnational corporation(TNC) will need their skills and knowledge for high-value jobs and they can follow the TNCs even when the TNC moves out of the country as their skills are in demand by the TNC. However, the lowly skilled lose their jobs easily as TNCs are constantly shifting their operations around the world to find the best value at the lowest cost. Since anyone can do a low-skilled job, these workers are retrenched when the TNC leaves. The result is an income divide between the skilled and educated workers and the lesser educated and skilled within a nation and thus hence there is a widening income gap between these 2 groups leading to possible disunity within a nation of  “haves” vs “have nots”. Note: Student can still score full marks for this level if he only discusses “between” or “within” nations. OR Another negative economic impact of globalisation is the “brain drain” due to the free movement of talent in a globalised world. People who are skilled and talented are more mobile with the ease or travel and communication in a globalised world and they leave their country to work overseas. Hence, there is a drain on talent in any given country. Countries lose their educated people easily and thus these nations end up with a smaller talented pool to help the nation move forward. At the same time, all the public funds spent on educating people to contribute to the nation no longer are able to do so as these individuals have been able to relocate to where the TNC needs them, thanks to the ease of travel because of globalisation. Hence, the net talent pool of a nation declines leading to economic decline for these nations as well. OR Another negative economic impact of globalisation is the increased competition among nations which creates winners and losers. Countries compete to attract TNCs to create more jobs for their citizens. However, TNCs are mobile & seek the lowest cost of production e.g. world-wide sourcing for manpower and raw materials at the best quality to attract TNCs, nations build infrastructure and attract talent to work and live in their countries. Nations which provide TNCs the best possible infrastructure, manpower and support services will attract the TNCs and the country benefits from the creating jobs leading to a better quality of life. In the intense competition for TNCs, some countries will lose TNC investments as TNCs move to other locations and jobs are lost causing unemployment. Without income and jobs, there is a drop in standard of living. Also, poorer nations/Less Developed Countries (LDCs) cannot attract TNCs as they have fewer resources to improve infrastructure and train their workers to reach TNC standards. With few TNCs in the country or TNCs setting up only low-value operations e.g. Adidas soccer ball manufacturing, workers in LDCs earn low salaries or have no jobs; LDCs/poorer nations continue to be poor and are unable to offer even basic necessities to its students.    However, even DCs like Singapore are not immune to the impact of globalisation. For example: Singapore’s Tanjong Pagar port lost TNC Maersk Sealand (A shipping company) to Johor’s Tanjung Pelepas port as the Johor port offered cheaper rates. This shows how intense the competition is for TNC business is and how easy it is for a TNC to change its business location, negatively affecting the level of employment in that country.  Environmental degradation Another negative impact of globalisation is the environmental impact. Globalization has brought about environmental degradation. Environmental degradation refers to destruction of the environment because of effects like global warming and deforestation. Globalisation creates a rise in demand for energy leading to greenhouse gas production as more fossil fuels burnt to pollute the air and raise world temperature. There is global warming and floods occur as the polar ice-caps melt and sea levels rise which will make inhabitable coastal areas especially low-lying areas. With global warming, Earth becomes less habitable. World temperatures are expected to rise by an average of 1 to 2 degrees in the next decade. Globalisation has also increased free trade which causes an increased demand for goods internationally, raising the amount of goods being transported around the world by ships and planes has and so more fossil fuel is burnt causing more greenhouse gases produced and so toxic gases produced pollute the environment à leads to global warming. Other sub-points within explanation of environmental impact Another negative environmental impact is deforestation as global demand for goods has risen due to free-trade. More factories, farms,     mines, cities and infrastructure are built, and forests are cleared due to these economic activities. For example, the international demand for products like beef increase, more forests are cleared for cattle ranches and forests cannot be replaced easily and the biodiversity is lost forever. More farm animals being reared will raise the amount of methane, a greenhouse gas, being produced. E.g. In Brazil, 58.7 million hectares of forest has been cleared for cattle ranching. Such rapid deforestation means a loss of the natural habitat of plants. With more demand for goods, more energy is needed e.g. China built the 3 Gorges Dam to generate electricity, but this led to flooding and permanent destruction of the natural habitat for animals like the Chinese Tiger, Giant Panda and Siberian Crane which are endangered species. The world’s forests that help to absorb greenhouse gases is now reduced so global warming is expedited. More deforestation also means that there is uncontrolled burning of forests and haze is created. For example, in the 1997, Indonesian farmers cleared the land using slash and burn to plant cash crops and this led to haze blanketing the region which affected tourism, air travel and people’s health. This hurts the quality of life.	5-6
L4	Explains 2 factors which are the serious impact of globalisation. Offer up to 8 marks for additional details Both aspects of L3.	7-8
L5	L4 + Weighing In conclusion, the environmental impact outweighs the economic because more people are negatively affected by the environmental impact as nobody can escape the effectives global warming. The negative economic impact of globalisation mainly affects the LDCs and the lesser skilled and educated. The environmental impact is therefore more widespread and thus it is more serious.	9-10